Resveratrol alleviates fumonisin-induced intestinal cytotoxicity by modulating apoptosis, tight junction, and inflammation in IPEC-J2 porcine intestinal epithelial cells.

Fumonisins are common contaminants in the global food and environment, pose a variety of health risks to humans and animals. However, the method of mitigating fumonisin toxicity is still unclear. Resveratrol is a natural compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, the protective effect of resveratrol against fumonisin-induced intestinal toxicity was investigated by the porcine intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2). The cells were treated with 0-40 µM fumonisin for 24 or 48 h with or without the 24 h resveratrol (15 µM) pretreatment. The data showed that resveratrol could alleviate the fumonisin B1 (FB1)-induced decrease in cell viability and amplify in membrane permeability. At the same time, it could reduce the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species and increase the expression ranges of Nrf2 and downstream genes (SOD1 and NQO-1), thereby counteracting FB1-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, resveratrol was able to reduce the expression levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6), increase the expression levels of tight junction proteins (Claudin-1, Occludin, and ZO-1), and the integrity of the IPEC-J2 monolayer. Our data also showed that resveratrol could attenuate the toxicity of the co-occurrence of three fumonisins. It is implied that resveratrol represents a promising protective approach for fumonisin, even other mycotoxins in the future. This provided a new strategy for further blocking and controlling the toxicity of fumonisin, subsequently avoiding adverse effects on the human and animal health.

Individual and Combined Cytotoxic Effects of Co-Occurring Fumonisin Family Mycotoxins on Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cell.

Human health is seriously threatened by mycotoxin contamination, yet health risk assessments are typically based on just one mycotoxin, potentially excluding the additive or competitive interactions between co-occurring mycotoxins. In this investigation, we evaluated the individual or combined toxicological effects of three fumonisin-family B mycotoxins: fumonisin B1 (FB1), fumonisin B2 (FB2), and fumonisin B3 (FB3), by using porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC). IPEC cells were exposed to various concentrations (2.5-40 µM) for 48 h, and a cell counting kit (CCK8) was used to determine cell vitality. Firstly, we discovered that they might inhibit cell viability. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of FB1 was significantly greater than that of FB2 and FB3. The results also indicated that the combinations of FB1-FB2, FB2-FB3, and FB1-FB2-FB3 showed synergistically toxicological effects at the ID10-ID50 levels and antagonistic effects at the ID75-ID90 levels. In addition, the FB1-FB3 exposure was also synergistic at the ID10-ID25 level. We also found that myriocin and resveratrol alleviated the cytotoxicity induced by fumonisin in IPEC cells. In all, this study may contribute to the determination of legal limits, the optimization of risk assessment for fumonisins in food and feed, and the development of new methods to alleviate fumonisin toxicity.

[Determination of vitamin K in animal foods].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a high performance liquid chromatography method with fluorescence detection for a variety of vitamin K and to assess the content of vitamin K in animal foods. METHODS: Animal foods were hydrolyzed by 0.2 g lipase and 0.1 g protease in pH 8 for 4 hours, extracted with isooctane followed by rotary evaporation and reconstitution. The mobile phase was 900 mL methanol and 100 mL tetrahydrofuran which contained 5 mmol glacial acetic acid, 11 mmol zinc chloride and 6 mmol anhydrous sodium acetate. The content of vitamin K_1, menaquinone-4(MK-4), and menaquinone-7(MK-7)were separated on Atlantis T3 column(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 µm)by high-performance liquid chromatography. The fluorescence detector was set at a wavelength of 320 nm for excitation and 410.3 nm for emission. RESULTS: The linear range of the method was 0.01-0.40 µg/mL, and coefficient of determination was > 0.999. The spiked recoveries were 84.4%-124.2% with relative standard deviation was <6%(n=6). MK-4 was the main form of vitamin K in pork and chicken. The highest content of vitamin K_1 was found in beef, and MK-7 could be detected in aquatic products. CONCLUSION: The proposed method is successfully applied for the determination of vitamin K in animal foods. A variety of vitamin K are distributed differently in distinct animals.